| Lexicon of Early Indo-European Loanwords Preserved in Finnish |
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Word list of borrowed stems in Middle Proto-Finnic preserved in
Finnish |
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SITE UNDER CONSTRUCTION |
| ABBREVIATIONS USED ON
THIS PAGE |
TO MIRROR PAGE IN
EXPERIMENTAL SIMPLIFIED TRANSLITERATION |
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BACK
TO INTRO |
210 etymologies entered so far |
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last updated |
| English |
Finnish
word & |
Corresponding
meanings |
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Reconstructed
Finnic stem |
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Later
representatives |
2008-06-14 |
| cognate |
Swedish cognate |
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and reconstructed IE original |
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(alphabetically) |
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Comments to:jouppe_[h2ed]welho[dhudo]com |
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| anger |
Fi. |
ahdas |
'tight, sqeezed, narrow' |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic *aštas |
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| anguish < Lat. |
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↑ Baltic
*an(k)žtas |
> |
Lith. añkštas |
'narrow' |
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or ↑ Baltic
*ang-š-t-a-s |
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Ru. úzkij |
'narrow' |
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Sw. |
ångest,
ängslig, |
'remorse', 'anguish', |
< |
cf. PIE h2enģh- |
-> |
OInd. aṃhú- |
'narrow' |
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ånger |
'anxious' |
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Lat. angustus |
'narrow' |
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Armenian anjowk |
'narrow' |
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Gothic aggwus |
'narrow' |
| ardent <
Latin |
Fi. |
ahjo |
'forge, furnace,
hearth' |
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Look under 'kaski' |
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| ashes |
Fi. |
ahku |
'cinder' |
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Look under 'kaski' |
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| agent, agile, |
Fi. |
ajaa |
'drive (ride, travel,
chase)' |
< |
PFU *aja- */åjå-/ |
> |
Vogul aj-/oj- |
'flee, run away' |
| act < Lat |
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↑ PIA *aja- |
> |
OInd. ájati |
'drive, sling' |
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Sw. |
åka
< aka |
'ride, drive' |
< |
cf. PIE *h2eģ- |
-> |
Av. azaiti |
'drive (away)' |
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Gr. agō |
'drive, lead, go' |
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Lat. agō |
'drive,
lead, commit' |
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Armenian acem |
'lead' |
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Tokh. āk- |
'lead' |
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Fi. |
vuohi |
'goat' |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic *vōši |
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↑ Baltic *až- |
> |
Lith. ožỹs ; ožkà |
'billy goat'; 'she-goat' |
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For some reason this word is |
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cf.
PIE *h2eǵ-o-
; *h2eǵ-eh2- |
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Latvian āzis |
'billy goat' |
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not
assumed to be a cognate to the root above, |
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OPrus. wosux ; wosee |
'billy goat'; 'she-goat' |
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although semantics does not seem to
be a problem: |
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OInd. ajá- ; ajā́- |
'billy goat'; 'she-goat' |
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an animal, which is 'lead' or
'driven' together |
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Av. aza-k |
'billy-goat' |
| echinus |
Fi. |
ankerias |
'eel' |
< |
Proto-Finnic *ankerias/*angerjas |
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| echidna |
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↑ Baltic
*angurja- |
> |
Lith. ungurỹs
< angurja- |
'eel' |
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OPrussian angurgis |
'eel' |
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~> |
OCS ogorištь |
'eel' |
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Lat. anguilla |
'eel' |
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Gr. enkhelys |
'eel' |
| of, ebb, after |
Fi. |
apaja |
'fishing ground' |
< |
Earlyish Proto-Finnic
*apa-ja |
> |
Saami vuohppi |
'small narrow bay' |
| awkward |
Sw. |
-ave, ävja; efter |
'small bay, cove; mire; after' |
< |
↑ PaleoGmc
*aban- |
> |
Sw. -ave, -ava (in
toponyms) |
'small narrow bay of a lake' |
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avig |
'inside out' |
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or ↑ PaleoGmc
*abjōn- |
> |
ON efja |
'cove in a river, backwater; mire' |
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~> |
Gr. apo Latin ab |
'away from, from' |
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~> |
Goth. ibuks OCS opaku |
'back' (cf. greek epí) |
| apple |
Fi. |
apila |
'clover' |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic
*apila |
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↑ Baltic
*ābōl-s *āb-l-o |
> |
Latvian âbuls, âbuõls |
'apple, clover' |
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OPrussian wobilis |
'clover' |
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Sw. |
äpple |
'apple' |
< |
cf. PIE *h2b-ōl-s *h2b-l-o- |
~> |
ON epli |
'apple' |
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OIr. ubull |
'apple' |
| Ara < Latin |
Fi. |
arina |
'fire-grate, furnace
bed' |
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Look under 'kaski' |
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| orphan <
gr. |
Fi. |
arpa |
'allotment, lot,
dice, die' |
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Look
under 'orpo' |
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| errand |
Fi. |
asia |
'matter, issue,
thing' |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic
*anćia (?*antia) |
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Sw. |
ärende |
'issue' |
< |
↑ EarlyGmc
*(uz-)andja- |
> |
OE ǽrend |
'errand' |
| kin, kind |
Fi. |
hadas/hata- |
'roots of germinating
seed' |
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Look
under 'inhimillinen' |
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| sow, seed |
Fi. |
haja- |
'dispersed' |
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Look under 'siemen' |
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| seek, sake |
Fi. |
hakea |
'fetch, seek' |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic
*šaki- |
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Sw. |
söka |
'seek, fetch' |
< |
↑ PreG
*sāg(e)ie/o > *sōk(i)je/a |
> |
Germ. suchen |
'fetch, seek' |
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~> |
Lat. sāgiō, sāgīre |
'perceive, seek to know' |
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Fi. |
hako |
'sprig of spruce' |
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Look under 'sanka' |
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| yellow, glass, |
Fi. |
halja (-kka) |
'light blue,
bluegrey' |
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Look under 'kelta' |
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| OE
heolca |
Fi. |
halla |
'night frost' |
< |
PreF *šalna |
> |
saami suoldne |
'dew', 'fog', 'night frost' |
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↑ Baltic
*šalna |
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Lith. šalnà |
'light frost' |
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Sw. |
hal,
halka < MLG? |
'slippery', 'slippery icy ground' |
< |
*ḱolH-n-eh2 |
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Latvian
saĨna |
'light frost' |
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OCS slana |
'hoarfrost' |
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~> |
OInd. śiśira- |
'cool, chilly, cold' |
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ON héla < *χiχlōn |
'hoarfrost' |
| comb |
Fi. |
hammas |
'tooth' |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic
*šampas |
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| gomphosis<Gr. |
hampa- |
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↑ Baltic
*žambas |
> |
Lith. žam̃bas |
'sharp edge' |
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Latvian zùobs |
'tooth' |
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~> |
OCS zọbǔ |
'tooth' |
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Sw. |
kamm |
'comb' |
< |
cf. PIE *ģombho- |
> |
OInd. jámbha-ḥ |
'tooth' |
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Tokh (A) kam (B) keme |
'tooth' |
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Gr. gomphos |
'comb', 'plug' |
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Gmc. *kambaz |
'comb', 'ridge' |
| goose |
Fi. |
hanhi |
'goose' |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic
*šanši |
// |
Saami false cognate separate
archaic IE loan |
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↑ Baltic
*žansis |
> |
Lith. žąsìs |
'goose' |
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Latvian zùoss |
'goose' |
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OPruss. sansy |
'goose' |
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Sw. |
gås |
'goose' |
< |
PIE *ģhh2ens |
> |
OInd. haṃsá-ḥ |
'goose, swan' |
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lat. ānser < *hanser |
'goose' |
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Gr. (doric pl.) khansós |
'goose' |
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Gmc. *gans |
'goose' |
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Fi. |
hanka |
'oarlock;
gab; space between thumb and forfinger' |
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Look under 'sanka' |
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| hair |
Fi. |
harja |
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< |
Middle Proto-Finnic
*šarja- |
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↑ Baltic *šar-ia- |
> |
Lith. šerī̃-s |
'bristle ; (animal) hair' |
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Latvian sars, saris, sari |
'(swine)
bristle; horse hair from bristle; bristle; hair' |
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Sw. |
hår |
'hair' |
< |
PIE *ḱēr- |
~> |
Gmc. *χēra-n |
'hair' |
| seethe, |
Fi. |
hautoa |
'bath, brood, seethe'' |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic *šauto- |
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| sodden |
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↑ Baltic šaut- |
> |
Latvian sàutēt (-ẽju) |
'bath, brood, seethe; flog'' |
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Sw. |
sjuda |
'seethe' |
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Lith. šauta |
'broth' |
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~> |
Gmc. *seuþa- |
'seethe' |
| seethe, |
Fi. |
hauta |
'grave, pit' |
< |
PreF *šauta- |
> |
Saami suovdi |
gill, mouth, gullet,
jaws, chaps' |
| sodden |
Sw. |
sjuda |
'seethe' |
< |
↑ Paleo-G *sauþa- |
> |
OE seaþ |
'pit, grave', 'well, pool' |
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Old Gutnish *sauþr |
'well' |
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~> |
Proto-Norse *sauþia |
'tar pit' |
| home |
Fi. |
heimo |
'clan, family, tribe' |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic
*šaim- |
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↑ Baltic šaim- |
> |
Latvian sàime |
'family/household, domestic servants' |
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Sw. |
hem |
'home' |
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↑ PIE ? *ḱoimo- |
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Lith. šeimà |
'family/household, domestic servants' |
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or
↑ PIE ? *tḱoimo- |
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Old Prussian seimīns |
'household/domestic servants' |
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Gothic haims (f) |
'village' |
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OIcel. heim (n); heimr (m) |
'home'; 'world, home' |
| home |
Fi. |
kaima |
'namesake' |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic
*kaima- |
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↕ Baltic
*kaima- |
> |
Lith. káima(s); kaimýnas |
'village'; 'neighbour' |
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Sw. |
hem |
'home' |
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↑ Gmc *kaim- |
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OPrus caymis; kaimīnan |
'village'; neighbour' |
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Both Baltic and Finnic eventually
borrowed from depalatalized Gmc form. |
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Latvian kaĩmin˛š |
'fellow-villager, neighbour' |
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The development of meaning hints to
the sequence Gmc. > Baltic > Finnic |
> |
Gothic haims |
'village' |
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OIcel. heim (n); heimr (m) |
'home'; 'world, home' |
| sow, seed |
Fi. |
heittää |
'throw, fling' |
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Look under 'siemen' |
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| lukewarm, lee |
Fi. |
helle, helte- |
'summer heat' |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic
*šelteš |
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| caloric <
Lat. |
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↑ Baltic
*šiltas (?*šiltis?) |
> |
Lith. šiĨtas |
'warm' |
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Sw. |
ljum < *ḱleh1-u-m- |
'tepid' |
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PIE *ḱl(h1)-to- |
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Latvian
sìlts |
'warm' |
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~> |
OHG lāo |
'tepid' |
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ON
hlær |
'mild, warm' |
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Lat. calidus; calor |
'warm', 'heat' |
| hornet |
Fi. |
herhiläinen |
'large wasp, hornet' |
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Look under 'sarvi' |
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| corn, kernel |
Fi. |
herne |
'pea' |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic
*šerneš |
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| grain < Lat. |
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< |
↑ Balt. *žirnis |
> |
Lith. žìrnis |
'pea' |
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cf. Blt/Slv. *źirn- |
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Latvian zir̃nis |
'pea' |
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OPrussian syrne |
'grain' |
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Sw. |
korn,
kärna |
'barley' ; 'kernel' |
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cf. PIE *ģrh2-no- |
> |
Lat. grānum |
'grain' |
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> |
OIrish grán |
'grain' |
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> |
Gmc. *kurnam |
'grain' |
| hundred |
Fi. |
hinta |
'price' |
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Look under 'sata' |
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| yard, garden, |
Fi. |
hirsi |
'beam' |
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Look under 'karsina' |
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| (horn), hart |
Fi. |
hirvi, hirvas |
'elk, moose', 'male hart' |
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Look under 'sarvi' |
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| seal |
Fi. |
hylje, hylke(h)- |
'seal' (mammal with |
< |
Middle Proto-Finnic
*šelk-eš |
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Sw. |
säl |
'seal' flippers)' |
< |
↕ PreGmc.
*selk-o- > *selχaz |
> |
OE seolh |
'seal' |
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PIE *selk- 'drag, pull' |
~> |
Gr. hélkō |
'pull' |
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Lat. sulcāre |
'plough' |
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The Gmc. word has also been
proposed to be a borrowing from Finnic |
~> |
OE sulh |
'furrow' |
| humus < Lat. |
Fi. |
Häme |
'Häme (=Tavastia)
province |
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Look under 'Suomi' |
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