Sama täällä Geography of China Total Area: 9,596,960 sq km (5,964,549 sq mi) Land Area: 9,326,410 sq km (5,796,401 sq mi) Comparative Area: Slightly larger than the US Boundaries: 22,143.34 km (13,762 mi); Afghanistan 76 km (47 mi), Bhutan 470 km (292 mi), Burma 2,185 km (1,358 mi), Hong Kong 30 km (19 mi), India 3,380 km (2,101 mi), Kazakhstan 1,533 km (953 mi), North Korea 1,416 km (880 mi), Kyrgyzstan 858 km (533 mi), Laos 423 km (263 mi), Macau 0.34 km (0 mi), Mongolia 4,673 km (2,904 mi), Nepal 1,236 km (768 mi), Pakistan 523 km (325 mi) Coastline: 14,500 km (9,012 mi) Terrain: Mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east Climate: Extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north Natural Resources: Coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's largest hydropower potential Maritime Claims: Continental shelf: claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea; Territorial sea: 12 nm Disputes: Boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with Tajikistan under dispute: a short section of the boundary with North Korea is indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam and possibly Brunei; maritime boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) Environment: Frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; air pollution; desertification Note: World's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) Land Use: Arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and woodland 14%; other 45%; includes irrigated 5% Deforestation Rate: 0 annual rate of change of forests and woodland area. People of China Population 1980: 983,379,000 Population 1993: 1,178,526,000 Population 2010: 1,397,813,000 Population 2025: 1,546,301,000 Population Density: 325 persons/sq mi Urban Population: 308,773,812 Urban Percentage: 26.2 % of total population Population Growth (1993 est.): 13,718,043 Population Growth Rate (1993 est.): 1.2 % annually Population Doubling Time: 59.55 years Births (1993 est.): 21,496,314 annually Birth Rate: 18.24 births per 1,000 population. Fertility Rate: 1.86 children per woman. Deaths (1993 est.): 7,778,272 Death Rate: 6.60 per 1,000 population. Population Under Age 15, Total: 326,451,702 Population Under Age 15, Percent: 27.7 % Population Over Age 65, Total: 65,997,456 Population Over Age 65, Percent: 5.6 % Life Expectancy: 69.7 years Life Expectancy, Female: 71.4 years Life Expectancy, Male: 68.0 years Net Migration Rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) Religious Affiliations: Officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; Muslim 2-3%, Christian 1% (est.) Major Languages: Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see ethnic divisions) Ethnic Divisions: Han Chinese 93.3%; Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 6.7%   Education in China Literacy Rate: 73 Literacy Rate, Female Adults: 62 Literacy Rate, Male Adults: 84 Ages of Compulsory Education: 7--16 Education Spending: 2.2% of GNP Public Libraries: 2,512 National Libraries: 1 Library Books: 283,680,000 Book Titles published: 73,923   Health in China Physicians: 926,603 Physicians per capita: 9 per 10,000 population Nurses: 759,485 Nurses per capita: 7 per 10,000 population Hospital Beds: 388 persons per hospital bed Contraception Use: 82 % of currently married women Infant Deaths (1993 est.): 1,128,556 Infant Mortality Rate: 52.5 deaths per 1,000 live births. Measles Immunization: 95% of children under one year of age DPT Immunization: 95% of children under one year of age Access to Safe Water, Rural: 66% Access to Safe Water, Urban: 87% Access to Safe Water, Total: 78% Caloric Consumption, Total: 2,641 per day Caloric Consumption, Vegetable: 2,356 per day Caloric Consumption, Animal: 286 per day   Government of China Capital: Beijing Type: Communist Party - led state Long Form of Name: People's Republic of China; abbreviated PRC Independence: Unification under the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty 221 BC, Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912, People's Republic established 1 October 1949 Administrative Regions: 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural); Anhui, Beijing Shi**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai Shi**, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin Shi**, Xinjiang*, Xizang*, Yunnan, Zhejiang; note - China considers Taiwan its 23rd province Constitution: Most recent promulgated 4 December 1982 National Holiday: National Day, 1 October (1949) Legal System: A complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law Executive Branch: President, vice president, premier, five vice premiers, State Council Legislative Branch: Unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui) Judicial Branch: Supreme People's Court Suffrage: Universal at age 18 Leaders: Chief of State: President JIANG Zemin; Vice President RONG Yiren; Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto): DENG Xiaoping (since mid-1977); Head of Government: Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9 April 1988); Vice Premier YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979); Vice Premier TIAN Jiyun (since 20 June 1983); Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April 1988); Vice Premier ZOU Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since 8 April 1991) Political Parties: - Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the Central Committee (since 24 June 1989); also, eight registered small parties controlled by CCP Elections: National People's Congress: last held March 1993 (next to be held March 1998); results - CCP is the only party but there are also independents; seats - (2,977 total) CCP and independents (indirectly elected at county or xian level) President: last held 27 March 1993 (next to be held 1998); results -- JIANG Zemin was nominally elected by the Eighth National People's Congress Defense Expenditures: Exchange rate conversion - $12-15 billion (1991 est.) Military Branches: People's Liberation Army (PLA), PLA Navy (including Marines), PLA Air Force, People's Armed Police Manpower Availability: Males 15-49, 339,554,712; 188,995,620 fit for military service; 11,691,967 reach military age (18) annually Int'l Org. Membership: AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UN Security Council, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, W   Crime in China Homicides: 2 per 100,000 population Sex Offenses: 4 per 100,000 population Serious Assault: 4 per 100,000 population Robbery & Violent Theft: 8 per 100,000 population Theft, Aggravated: 35 per 100,000 population Theft, All Types: 177 per 100,000 population Breaking and Entering: 18 per 100,000 population Fraud: 5 per 100,000 population Drug Offenses: 0 per 100,000 population Economy of China Overview: Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On the darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991, and again in 1992, output rose substantially, particularly in the favored coastal areas. Popular resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to the nation's long-term economic viability. GDP: Real growth rate 12.8% (1992 est.) Labor Force: 567,400,000; agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, construction and mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.) Industrial Production: Growth rate 14.0% (1991); accounts for 45% of GNP Imports: $63.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991); commodities: specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel, textile yarn, fertilizer; partners: Hong Kong, Japan, US, Germany, Taiwan (1990) Exports: $71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991); commodities: textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum, minerals; partners: Hong Kong, Japan, US, USSR, Singapore (1990) Budget: Deficit $9.5 billion (1990) Inflation Rate: 1.3% Unemployment Rate: 4.0% in urban areas External Debt: $51 billion (1990 est.) Current Balance of Payments: 4.4% of GDP Electricity Production: 138,000,000 kW capacity (1990); 670,000 million kWh produced (1991), 582 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: Iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum, cement, chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing Agriculture: Accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley and pork; commercial crops include cotton, other fibers and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish of 8 million metric tons in 1986 Forest products imported (US $): 3,904,458,000 Forest products exported (US $): 828,721,000 Patents Granted, 1992: 41 Economic Aid: Donor - to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 billion; US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion Exchange Rates: Yuan (Y) per US$1 - 5.4481 (January 1992), 5.3234 (1991), 4.7832 (1990), 3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988), 3.7221 (1987) Illicit Drug Production: Transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle Agriculture of China Land in Agriculture: 44.6% of land Agricultural production % of GDP: 27% Agriculture Workers, Total: 460,458,000 Agriculture Workers: 66.7% of economically active population Food & Agricultural Imports (US $): 5,134,700,000 Food & Agricultural Exports (US $): 7,885,700,000 Harvester-Threshers in use: 38,719   Agricultural Products of China Asses: 11,200,000 head Buffaloes: 21,983,000 head Camels: 460,000 head Cattle: 82,760,000 head Goats: 95,032,000 head Horses: 10,201,000 head Mules: 2,000 head Pigs: 379,739,000 head Sheep: 111,143,000 head Chickens: 2,179,000,000 head Ducks: 381,000,000 head Turkeys: 0 head Poultry Meat: 4,063,000 metric tons Hen Eggs: 7,027,500 metric tons Fish Catches: 12,095,363 metric tons Bananas: 2,200,000 metric tons Fruits: 22,992,000 metric tons Lemons: 173,000 metric tons Oranges: 5,090,000 metric tons Papayas: 125,000 metric tons Raisins: 14,000 metric tons Sugar Beets: 15,010,000 metric tons Barley: 2,000,000 metric tons Cassava: 3,358,000 metric tons Coffee: 38,000 metric tons Corn: 95,340,000 metric tons Dry Beans: 2,013,000 metric tons Dry Peas: 2,000,000 metric tons Groundnuts: 5,580,000 metric tons Oats: 600,000 metric tons Olives: 3,000 metric tons Potatoes: 33,937,000 metric tons Rice: 188,150,000 metric tons Rye: 600,000 metric tons Soybeans: 9,707,000 metric tons Sunflower Seeds: 1,050,000 metric tons Tea: 580,000 metric tons Vegetables: 119,786,000 metric tons Walnuts: 160,000 metric tons Wheat: 101,003,000 metric tons Beef and Veal: 1,502,000 metric tons Buffalo Meat: 253,000 metric tons Butter and Ghee: 70,000 metric tons Cheese: 148,568 metric tons Cow Milk: 113,000 metric tons Evaporated Condensed Milk: 72,195 metric tons Goat Milk: 172,000 metric tons Goat Meat: 600,000 metric tons Horse Meat: 57,000 metric tons Mutton and Lamb: 57,000 metric tons Pig Meat: 27,460,000 metric tons Sheep Milk: 600,000 metric tons Total Meat: 34,900,000 metric tons Cereals: 400,409,000 metric tons Cotton: 4,528,000 metric tons Honey: 192,000 metric tons Jute: 619,000 metric tons Raw Silk: 64,002 metric tons Sisal: 77,548,000 metric tons Sugar Cane: 77,548,000 metric tons Tobacco: 3,178,000 metric tons Wine: 99,000 metric tons Wool, Scoured: 126,000 metric tons   Industrial Products of China Rubber: 310 metric tons Uranium: 800 metric tons Newsprint: 521,000 metric tons Paper and Paperboard: 18,534,000 metric tons Particle Board: 657,000 cubic meters Plywood: 1,567,000 cubic meters Pulpwood: 7,887,000 cubic meters Sawnwood: 20,521,000 cubic meters Phosphate Fertilizer: 4,196,000 metric tons Nitrogen Fertilizer: 14,914,500 metric tons Merchant Ships Launched: 38 Merchant Ships Launched: 459,122 gross tonnage Merchant Ships Registered: 28 Merchant Ships Registered: 146,175 gross tonnage Transportation in China Highways: About 1,029,000 km (639,528 mi) (1990) all types roads; 170,000 km (105,656 mi) (est.) paved roads, 648,000 km (402,735 mi) (est.) gravel/improved earth roads, 211,000 km (131,137 mi) Pipelines: Crude oil 9,700 km (6,029 mi) (1990); petroleum products 1,100 km (684 mi); natural gas 6,200 km (3,853 mi) Railroads: Total about 54,000 km (33,561 mi) common carrier lines; 53,400 km (33,188 mi) 1.435-meter standard gauge; 600 km (373 mi) 1.000-meter gauge; of these 11,200 km (6,961 mi) are double track standard-gauge lines; 6,900 km (4,288 mi) electrified (1990); 10,000 km (6,215 mi) Merchant Marine: 1,454 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,887,312 GRT/20,916,127 DWT; includes 25 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 18 passenger-cargo, 6 cargo/training, 801 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 77 container, 19 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction/barge carrier, 177 petroleum tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 254 bulk, 3 liquefied gas, 1 vehicle carrier, 9 combination bulk, 1 barge carrier; note -- China beneficially owns an additional 194 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 7,077,089 DWT that operate under Panamanian, British, Hong Kong, Maltese, Liberian, Vanuatu, Cyprus, and Saint Vincent registry Inland Waterways: 138,600 km (86,140 mi); about 109,800 km (68,241 mi) Ports: Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang, Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou Civil Airports: 330 total, 330 usable; 260 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 10 with runways over 3,500 m; 90 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 200 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Communication in China Televisions in use: 35,000,000 Televisions per 1,000 persons: 31 Radios in use: 209,500,000 Radios per 1,000 persons: 184 Number of Daily Newspapers: 44 publications Newsprint Consumption: 944 Kilograms per 1,000 population AM Broadcast Stations: 274 Telecommunications: Domestic and international services are increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December 1989); broadcast stations - 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 repeaters) TV; more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth stations -- 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, and 55 domestic Country Telephone Code: 86 Travel in China Tourist Arrivals: 2,710,000 visitors Tourism Receipts (US $): 2,845,000,000 Tourism Expenditures (US $): 417,000,000 Number of Hotel Rooms: 321,116 Entry Requirements: Passport and visa required. Transit visa required for any stop (even if you do not exit the plane or train) in China. Visitors must show hotel reservation and letter of confirmation"" from the China International Travel Service (CITS) or an" invitation from an individual or institution in China. CITS tours may be booked through several travel agencies and airlines in the United States and abroad, often advertised in newspapers and magazines. Visas for tour group members are usually obtained by the travel agent as part of the tour package. Visa requires $10 fee, 2 application forms and 2 photos. Allow at least 10 days processing time. Medical examination required for those staying 1 year or longer. AIDS test required for those staying more than 6 months. For further information contact Chinese Embassy, 2300 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (202/328-2517) or nearest Consulate General: Chicago (312/346-0287) Houston (713/524-4311) Los Angeles (213/380-2506) New York (212/330-7409) or San Francisco (415/563-4857) Currency: Renminbi Yuan Electric Current: 110/220 Volts, 50 Cycles; varies in outlying areas Time Zone (From GMT): 8 Health Conditions: The quality of medical care in China is uneven. Competent, trained doctors and nurses are available in major metropolitan centers. However, hospital accommodations are spartan and medical technology is not up-to-date. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage is available. Information subject to change. Contact travel agent, State Department, or U.S. Embassy for updates. Holidays: New Year's Day -Jan 1; Spring Festival-3 days in Feb; International Labor Day - May 1; Chinese National Days - Oct 1 & 2 Tourist Attractions: Beijing -- Tiananmen Gate, Great Hall of the People, Qian Men Gate, Museum of Chinese History, Mao Zedong Memorial Hall, The Forbidden City, The Great Wall, Summer Palace, Bei Hai Lake, Great Bell Temple, numerous museums. Guangzhou -- Tomb of Emperor Wem; ferry ride on Pearl River; numerous temples; Qingping Market. Shanghai -- Huangpu Park, Old Town, Wu Xing Ting teahouse, Foreign Tourist Offices: CHINA NATIONAL TOURIST OFFICE. 333 W. Broadway #201, Glendale, CA 91204, USA (818) 545-7505, Fax (818) 545-7506. CHINA NATIONAL TOURIST OFFICE. Lingyu Kong, Dir., 60 E. 42nd St. #3126, New York, NY 10165, USA, Tel (212) 867-0271, Fax (212) 599-2892. Embassies: Ambassador LI Daoyu; Chancery at 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2500 through 2502; there are Chinese Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco. US: Ambassador J Stapleton ROY; Embassy at Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing (mailing address is 100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP 96521-0002); telephone [86] (1) 532-3831; FAX [86] (1) 532-3178; there are US Consulates General in Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang Chamber of Commerce: BEIJING. AMERICAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN BEIJING. John N. Hart, Pres., % Schenker & Co. GmbH, 22, Jianguomen Wai Dajie, 100004, M 140, Tel (671) 512-3712, Fax (671) 512-6871.