Valitettavasti tiedot ovat hieman vanhoja, mutta eiköhän se tärkein asia tule selväksi Geography of Finland Total Area: 337,030 sq km (209,466 sq mi) Land Area: 305,470 sq km (189,851 sq mi) Comparative Area: Slightly smaller than Montana Boundaries: 2,628 km (1,633 mi); Norway 729 km (453 mi), Sweden 586 km (364 mi), Russia 1,313 km (816 mi) Coastline: 1,126 km (700 mi) Terrain: Mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills Climate: Cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes Natural Resources: Timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver Maritime Claims: Contiguous zone: 6 nm; Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; Territorial sea: 4 nm Disputes: None Environment: Permanently wet ground covers about 30% of land; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain Note: Long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent Land Use: Arable land 8%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures NEGL%, forest and woodland 76%; other 16%; includes irrigated NEGL% Deforestation Rate: 0 annual rate of change of forests and woodland area. People of Finland Population 1980: 4,780,000 Population 1993: 5,074,000 Population 2010: 5,023,000 Population 2025: 4,817,000 Population Density: 42 persons/sq mi Urban Population: 3,125,584 Urban Percentage: 61.6 % of total population Population Growth (1993 est.): 16,744 Population Growth Rate (1993 est.): 0.3 % annually Population Doubling Time: 210.04 years Births (1993 est.): 66,469 annually Birth Rate: 13.10 births per 1,000 population. Fertility Rate: 1.78 children per woman. Deaths (1993 est.): 49,725 Death Rate: 9.80 per 1,000 population. Population Under Age 15, Total: 974,208 Population Under Age 15, Percent: 19.2 % Population Over Age 65, Total: 690,064 Population Over Age 65, Percent: 13.6 % Life Expectancy: 75.0 years Life Expectancy, Female: 78.9 years Life Expectancy, Male: 70.9 years Net Migration Rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) Marriages (latest year available): 23,573 Marriage Rate: 4.7 per 1,000 population. Divorces (latest year available): 14,365 Divorce Rate: 2.89 per 1,000 population. Religious Affiliations: Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Greek Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other 1% Major Languages: Finnish 93.5%, Swedish (both official) 6.3%; small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities Ethnic Divisions: Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar   Education in Finland Literacy Rate: 100 Ages of Compulsory Education: 7--16 Education Spending: 5.5% of GNP Education Spending: 14.9% of total government expenditures Public Libraries: 1,429 National Libraries: 1 Special Libraries: 25 Library Books: 34,900,000 Book Titles published: 10,153 Museums: 10,783   Health in Finland Physicians: 11,072 Physicians per capita: 22 per 10,000 population Nurses: 43,185 Nurses per capita: 87 per 10,000 population Dentists: 4,595 Dentists per capita: 9 per 10,000 population Hospital Beds: 93 persons per hospital bed Maternal Mortality Rate: 3.2 deaths per 100,000 live births Infant Deaths (1993 est.): 386 Infant Mortality Rate: 5.8 deaths per 1,000 live births. Measles Immunization: 95% of children under one year of age DPT Immunization: 90% of children under one year of age Access to Safe Water, Rural: 99% Access to Safe Water, Urban: 100% Access to Safe Water, Total: 100% Caloric Consumption, Total: 3,066 per day Caloric Consumption, Vegetable: 1,812 per day Caloric Consumption, Animal: 1,255 per day Death Rate, Motor Vehicle Accidents: 10.7 per 100,000 population Death Rate, Cerebrovascular Disease: 52.1 per 100,000 population Death Rate, Respiratory Disease: 29.9 per 100,000 population Death Rate, Injury/Poison: 68.6 per 100,000 population Death Rate, Heart Disease: 125.6 per 100,000 population Death Rate, Malignant Neoplasm: 97.4 per 100,000 population Death Rate, Circulatory Disease: 217.9 per 100,000 population Government of Finland Capital: Helsinki Type: Republic Long Form of Name: Republic of Finland Independence: 6 December 1917 (from Soviet Union) Administrative Regions: 12 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Ahvenanmaa, Hame, Keski-Suomi, Kuopio, Kymi, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu, Pohjois-Karjala, Turku ja Pori, Uusimaa, Vaasa Constitution: 17-Jul-19 National Holiday: Independence Day, 6 December (1917) Legal System: Civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations Executive Branch: President, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of State (Valtioneuvosto) Legislative Branch: Unicameral Parliament (Eduskunta) Judicial Branch: Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus) Suffrage: Universal at age 18 Leaders: Chief of State: President Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January 1982); Head of Government: Prime Minister Esko AHO (since 26 April 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Ilkka KANERVA (since 26 April 1991) Elections: Parliament: last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - Center Party 24.8%, Social Democratic Party 22.1%, National Coalition (Conservative) Party 19.3%, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 10.1%, Green League 6.8%, Swedish People's Party 5.5%, Rural 4.8%, Finnish Christian League 3.1%, Liberal People's Party 0.8%; seats - (200 total) Center Party 55, Social Democratic Party 48, National Coalition (Conservative) Party 40, Leftist Alliance Christian League 8, Rural 7, Liberal People's Party 1. President: last held 31 January - 1 February and 15 February 1988 (next to be held January 1994); results - Mauno KOIVISTO 48%, Paavo VAYRYNEN 20%, Harri HOLKERI 18% Defense Expenditures: Exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.) Military Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Frontier Guard (including Coast Guard) Manpower Availability: Males 15-49, 1,314,305; 1,087,286 fit for military service; 33,053 reach military age (17) annually Int'l Org. Membership: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA (associate), FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Crime in Finland Homicides: 1 per 100,000 population Sex Offenses: 20 per 100,000 population Serious Assault: 47 per 100,000 population Robbery & Violent Theft: 56 per 100,000 population Theft, Aggravated: 96 per 100,000 population Theft, Automobile: 365 per 100,000 population Theft, All Types: 3,035 per 100,000 population Breaking and Entering: 1,433 per 100,000 population Fraud: 2,065 per 100,000 population Drug Offenses: 51 per 100,000 population Economy of Finland Overview: Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free market economy, with per capita output two-thirds of the US figure. Its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, and engineering industries. Trade is important, with the export of goods representing about 30% of GDP. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. The economy, which experienced an average of 4.9% annual growth between 1987 and 1989, sank into deep recession in 1991 as growth contracted by 6.5%. The recession - which continued in 1992 with growth contracting by 3.5% - has been caused by economic overheating, depressed foreign markets, and the dismantling of the barter system between Finland and the former Soviet Union under which Soviet oil and gas had been exchanged for Finnish manufactured goods. The Finnish Government has proposed efforts to increase industrial competitiveness and efficiency by an increase in exports to Western markets, cuts in public expenditures, partial privatization of state enterprises, and changes in monetary policy. In June 1991 Helsinki had tied the markka to the EC's European Currency Unit (ECU) to promote stability. Ongoing speculation resulting from a lack of confidence in the government's policies forced Helsinki to devalue the markka by about 12% in November 1991 and to indefinitely break the link in September 1992. By boosting the competitiveness of Finnish exports, these measures presumably have kept the economic downturn from being even more severe. Unemployment probably will remain a serious problem during the next few years - monthly figures in early 1993 are approaching 20% - with the majority of Finnish firms facing a weak domestic market and the troubled German and Swedish export markets. Declining revenues, increased transfer payments, and extensive funding to bail out the banking system are expected to push the central government's budget deficit to nearly 13% in 1993. Helsinki continues to harmonize its economic policies with those of the EC during Finland's current EC membership bid. GDP: Purchasing power equivalent - $80.6 billion, per capita $16,200; real growth rate - 6.2% Labor Force: 2,533,000; public services 30.4%; industry 20.9%; commerce 15.0%; finance, insurance, and business services 10.2%; agriculture and forestry 8.6%; transport and communications 7.7%; construction 7.2% Industrial Production: Growth rate - 8.6% (1991 est.) Imports: $21.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991); commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, fodder grains; partners: EC 45.9% (Germany 16.9%), UK 7.7%, EFTA 19.9%, Sweden 12.3%, US 6.9%, Japan 6%, USSR/EE 10.7% Exports: $22.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991); commodities: timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, clothing and footwear; partners: EC 50.25%, Germany 15.5%, UK 10.4%, EFTA 20.7%, Sweden 14%, US 6.1%, Japan 1.5%, USSR/EE 6.71% (1991) Budget: Revenues $35.8 billion; expenditures $41.5 billion (1991) Inflation Rate: 2.6% Unemployment Rate: 7.6% (1991) External Debt: $5.3 billion (1989) Current Balance of Payments: -4.7% of GDP Consumption: 80.2% of GDP Investment: 18.6% of GDP Electricity Production: 13,324,000 kW capacity; 49,330 million kWh produced, 9,857 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: Metal products, shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing Agriculture: Accounts for 8% of GDP (including forestry); livestock production, especially dairy cattle, predominates; forestry is an important export earner and a secondary occupation for the rural population; main crops - cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient, but short of foodgrains and fodder grains; annual fish catch about 160,000 metric tons Forest products imported (US $): 511,629,000 Forest products exported (US $): 8,238,230,000 Patents Granted, 1992: 380 Economic Aid: Donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.7 billion Exchange Rates: Markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 4.2967 (January 1992), 4.0440 (1991), 3.8235 (1990), 4.2912 (1989), 4.1828 (1988), 4.3956 (1987) Agriculture of Finland Land in Agriculture: 8.5% of land Agricultural production % of GDP: 6% Agriculture Workers, Total: 199,000 Agriculture Workers: 7.8% of economically active population Food & Agricultural Imports (US $): 972,620,000 Food & Agricultural Exports (US $): 477,810,000 Harvester-Threshers in use: 41,000 Milking Machines in use: 46,000   Agricultural Products of Finland Cattle: 1,263,000 head Goats: 4,000 head Horses: 49,000 head Pigs: 1,357,000 head Sheep: 61,000 head Chickens: 5,000,000 head Poultry Meat: 35,000 metric tons Hen Eggs: 67,500 metric tons Fish Catches: 97,391 metric tons Fruits: 89,000 metric tons Sugar Beets: 1,049,000 metric tons Barley: 1,531,000 metric tons Dry Peas: 29,000 metric tons Oats: 998,000 metric tons Potatoes: 673,000 metric tons Rye: 27,000 metric tons Vegetables: 211,000 metric tons Wheat: 212,000 metric tons Beef and Veal: 117,000 metric tons Butter and Ghee: 56,660 metric tons Cheese: 88,321 metric tons Cow Milk: 2,399,000 metric tons Dry Whole Milk: 2,648 metric tons Goat Milk: 37,000 metric tons Horse Meat: 1,000 metric tons Mutton and Lamb: 1,000 metric tons Pig Meat: 176,000 metric tons Total Meat: 343,000 metric tons Cereals: 2,803,000 metric tons Honey: 1,700 metric tons Wool, Scoured: 106 metric tons   Industrial Products of Finland Uranium: 0 metric tons Newsprint: 1,305,000 metric tons Paper and Paperboard: 8,505,000 metric tons Particle Board: 385,000 cubic meters Plywood: 457,000 cubic meters Pulpwood: 16,142,000 cubic meters Sawnwood: 5,983,000 cubic meters Phosphate Fertilizer: 171,900 metric tons Nitrogen Fertilizer: 268,000 metric tons Merchant Ships Launched: 6 Merchant Ships Launched: 228,435 gross tonnage Merchant Ships Registered: 7 Merchant Ships Registered: 192,252 gross tonnage Transportation in Finland Overview: Flights to many European cities depart Helsinki daily. Finland's domestic air network is one of the best in Europe. The country also has efficient rail and long-distance bus service. Roads are well maintained; nearly all major highways and most important secondary roads are paved. Highways: About 103,000 km (64,015 mi) total, including 35,000 km (21,753 mi) paved (bituminous, concrete, bituminous-treated surface) and 38,000 km (23,617 mi) unpaved (stabilized gravel, gravel, earth); additional 30,000 km (18,645 mi) Pipelines: Natural gas 580 km (360 mi) Railroads: 5,924 km (3,682 mi) total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total of 5,863 km (3,644 mi) 1.524-meter gauge, of which 480 km (298 mi) are multiple track and 1,445 km (898 mi) Merchant Marine: 80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 794,094 GRT/732,585 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 26 roll-on/roll-off, 12 petroleum tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7 bulk Inland Waterways: 6,675 km (4,149 mi) total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km (2,300 mi) Ports: Helsinki, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, Turku; 6 secondary, numerous minor ports Civil Airports: 159 total, 156 usable; 58 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Civil Air Traffic: 58,129,000 scheduled kilometers performed Communication in Finland Televisions in use: 2,470,000 Televisions per 1,000 persons: 497 Radios in use: 4,965,000 Radios per 1,000 persons: 998 Number of Daily Newspapers: 66 publications Daily Newspaper Circulation: 2,780,000 Newspaper Circulation per capita: 559 per 1,000 population Newsprint Consumption: 45,648 Kilograms per 1,000 population FM Broadcast Stations: 105 AM Broadcast Stations: 6 Telecommunications: Good service from cable and radio relay network; 3,140,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 105 FM, 235 TV; 1 submarine cable; INTELSAT satellite transmission service via Swedish earth station and a receive-only INTELSAT earth station near Helsinki Country Telephone Code: 358 Travel in Finland Tourism Receipts (US $): 1,191,000,000 Tourism Expenditures (US $): 2,634,000,000 Outbound Trips: 1,103,000 Number of Hotel Rooms: 47,997 Entry Requirements: Passport required. Tourist/business visa not required for stay up to 90 days. (90 day period begins when entering Scandinavian area: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland.) Check Embassy of Finland, 3216 New Mexico Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20016 (202/363-2430) or nearest Consulate General: Los Angeles (213/203-9903) or New York (212/573-6007). Currency: Markka Electric Current: 220 Volt, 50 Cycles; adapter necessary. Time Zone (From GMT): 2 Clothing: Helsinki's winter climate is similar to Boston's; summer temperatures rarely exceed 24 degrees C (75 degrees F). Northern and parts of interior southern Finland sometimes experience Arctic conditions in mid-winter. Buildings are well-heated. Bring warm outdoor clothing during late autumn, winter, and early spring. Sweaters and raincoats are recommended for other seasons. Transportation: Flights to many European cities depart Helsinki daily. Finland's domestic air network is one of the best in Europe. The country also has efficient rail and long-distance bus service. Roads are well maintained; nearly all major highways and most important secondary roads are paved. Health Conditions: Public health standards are similar to those in the US. Tapwater is potable. Medical facilities are good. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage is available. Information subject to change. Contact travel agent, State Department, or U.S. Embassy for updates. Holidays: New Year's Day - Jan 1; Epiphany - Jan 1; Good Friday - Apr 9; Easter Monday - Apr 12; May Day - May 1; Ascension Day - May 9; Whitsun Eve - May 18; Midsummer's Eve - Jun 21; Midsummer's Day - Jun 22; All Saints' Day - Nov 2; Independence Day - Dec 6; Christmas Eve - Dec 24; Christmas Day - Dec 25; 2nd Christmas Day - Dec 26 Tourist Attractions: With many islands and lakes, evergreen forests, and granite outcroppings, Finland's countryside is striking. Many tourists enjoy cruises on stately historic steamers that travel on Finland's biggest lake, Saimaa. Lapland, with its flora and reindeer, also is popular. Areas of interest: Helsinki--Senate Square, Market Square, Presidential Palace, The Museum of Foreign Art, National Museum of Finland,. Tampere--Tampere Cathedral, Tampere Orthodox Church, Tampere Art Museum. Torku-- Torku Cathedral, Torku Castle, Luostarinmaki Handicrafts Museum, Turku archipelago. Foreign Tourist Offices: FINNISH TOURIST BOARD. Toolonkatu 11, P.O. Box 625, Helsinki, 00101, Finland, Tel 358 0 403011, Fax 358 0 40301333, Telex 122690 mek st. HELSINKI CITY TOURIST OFFICE. Mikko Nupponen, Dir., Pohjoisesplanadi 19, 00100, Helsinki, P 500,000, Finland, Tel 358-0-169 3757, Fax 358-0-169 3839, Cable ROVANIEMI CITY TOURIST OFFICE. Mr. Jouko Hemmi, Dir., Aallonkatu 1, Rovaniemi, 96200, P 33,000, Finland, Tel 358-60-16270, Fax 358-60-17351. TAMPERE TOURIST OFFICE. Mr. Jouko Mustonen, Dir., Verkatehtaankatu 2, P.O. Box 87, Tampere, 33211, P 200,000, Finland, Tel (358-9) 31 126 652, (358-9) 31 196 463. TURKU CITY TOURIST OFFICE. Mrs. Torssonen, Dir., Kasityolaiskatu 3, Turku, 20100, P 400,000, Finland, Tel 358-21-2336366, Fax 358-21-2336488 FINNISH TOURIST BOARD. Mr. Matti Linnoila, Dir., 655 Third Ave., New York, NY 10017, USA, Tel (212) 949-2333, Fax (212) 983-5260. Embassies: Ambassador Jukka VALTASAARI; Chancery at 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016; telephone (202) 363-2430; there are Finnish Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York, and Consulates in Chicago and Houston. US: Ambassador John H. KELLY, (as of December, l991); Embassy at Itainen Puistotie 14 A, SF-00140, Helsinki (mailing address is APO AE 09723; telephone 358-00-171931; FAX 358-0-174681.